There are many factors to consider when building a system to optimize electricity:
Voltage
The electromotive force potential for energy to move from point to point. Voltage problems include surges, sags and fluctuations.
Amperage
The strength of a current of electricity, expressed in “amps”. High amps can cause damage to wiring and motors from excess heat.
Watts
The rate at which work is done, determined as Volts x Amps, measured in kiloWatts and billed in kiloWatt-hours (kWh).
Load
Anything which consumes electrical energy, such as lights, transformers, heaters and electric motors. Load is unique and ever-changing.
Demand
The amount of electricity used in a specific time period. Demand charges are based on the highest point in the billing period.
Power Factor
The ratio of real power to reactive power. Ideal Power Factor is 1.0 or “unity”. Low Power Factor may incur monetary penalties.
Reactive Power
Electricity that sustains the electric and magnetic fields of alternating current equipment, measured in Volt-Amps-Reactive.
Harmonics
Distorted Current and Voltage, deviating from a sinusoidal waveform. Harmonics damage digital components and machinery.
The ideal energy state:
- Voltage stays at the level that is supposed to be delivered by the electric service provider.
- Amps stay relatively low, since high Amps means high heat which is detrimental to wires and motors.
- KiloWatts as low as possible, since this is how you are billed for electricity.
- Low or no Demand, because this costs extra — sometimes a lot extra.
- Total protection against Harmonics generated within, and Voltage transients and surges coming from outside, of your facility.
- Power Factor at or near 1.0 or “unity”, which means your facility is exceptionally efficient with little to no Reactive Power.
High-efficiency homes approach some features of this ideal. However, there is no home or business facility that escapes all electrical distortions or inefficiencies, simply because of three factors:
- Electricity as-delivered is never a pure or steady current. It is affected by power generation methods, weather events, and consumers upstream and downstream of your facility.
- The equipment powered by electricity (load) creates problems such as self-inductance and mutual-inductance, which affects the power quality.
- Modern digital equipment and lighting create harmonics.